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Abelson, Robert P., 207n.34, 208n.50
absence, data as, 89-93
abstraction of information, 18-19
Academy of Machinima Arts & Sciences, 227
ada’web, 112
Adorno, Theodor, 202
Advanced Intelligent Information Retrieval System (AIIRS), 270
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 237
aesthetic common sense, 192, 193, 196
aesthetics: artificial intelligence and, 187-91; information and, 27-28; intersection of ethics, 142-43; social, 159-64; See also database aesthetics; dignity, aesthetics of; network aesthetics
Aesthetics of Care?, The (Menezes), 157
Agent Ruby (Hershman-Leeson), 249-51, 252
Agre, Philip E., 207n.41
Ahearn, John, 165
AI. See artificial intelligence (AI)
AIML (Artificial Identity Markup Language), 249
Albers, Joseph, 37n.20
algorithm(s): bird flocking, in ecosystm, 263-64; computer game, 42; in database as meta-narrative, 104, 105-6; data structure and, 41-44, 45; Kohonen self-organizing (Self-Organizing Map), 104, 245-46
Ali, Muhammad, 25
Alice in Wonderland, TextArc’s reading of, 101-2
Amazon.com, 44
Amis, Martin, 75
Andrews, Larry, 181n.58
Andujar, Daniel Garcia, 113, 116, 120n.10
animal database, xviii
Anna Karenin Goes to Paradise (Lialina), 118
Another Day in Paradise (Vesna), 36n.15
Apollo (spacecraft), 30
apple metaphor, 72
Arabesque (Whitney), 53
Arabian Nights, 166; Medea Project: Theater for Incarcerated Women as contemporary, 167-68
Aragon, Louis, 89
architecture: absence in, 90; artists as “information architects,” xiii-xiv, 28; discourse, xvii-xviii; recombinant, 140n.13; virtual, 135
archivist, artist as reliable, 118-19
Aristotle, 202
Aronowitz, Stanley, 177n.9
ARPANET, 237
Ars Electronica, 157
art: creative potential of biology, computer science, digital networking, and robotics to, 259; practice of database art, xi-xix; purpose of, to work against habitualization, 200
“Art and Social Change, U.S.A.” (Olander and Owens), 164
art collection, xii-xiii
ArtCulture Resource Centre (Toronto), 238
Art House in Dublin, Bodies INCorporated exhibit at, 17
Artificial Identity Markup Language (AIML), 249
artificial intelligence (AI), xviii, 187-91: aesthetics and, 187-91; aesthetics of the uncanny and, 199-201; “aesthetic turn” in AI research, 190, 196, 197; behaviorism and, 188-89; common sense and, 192-93; cultural difference and, 197-98; cybernetics and, 189; early, 188; fears surrounding, 199; founders of field, 187; game, 216; “intelligent agents” approach to interface design and, 183; as Kantian endeavor, 190-91; mind-as-machine as central metaphor of, 198; new offshoots of, 198, 199-200; nonmilitary concerns and, 193-94; philosophical debate about, 196-97; strands of aesthetic AI research, 194-95; Turing’s “imitation game” and, 198-99
Artificial Life, 178n.15
Artificial Staff, 271
Art Information Task Force (AITF), 120n.9
artist: as “information architects” using data as raw material, xiii-xiv, 28; as reliable archivist, 118-19
Artistic License project, 157, 158
Artlab 10 exhibition, 269
Artlab Canon, 269
art movements of twentieth century, photography and evolution of, 219
Artschwager, Richard, xii
Ascott, Roy, 134, 135, 141n.31
associations, commonsensical, 200
Atherton, James, 230n.12
Audio Microscope (Davis), 5
author: death of, 166-67; disappearance of author/observer, 146, 148; illusion of solitary, xvii
author function, 143-44, 148; supplanted by “subject function” in collaborative systems, 149
autopoetic systems, 146-48
avatars, 253
Bahktin, Mikhail, 146, 150, 178n.17
Bahktin circle, 150
Bal, Mieke, 46, 59n.11, 67, 84n.8
baroque storytelling, digression as form of, 91-92
Bars and String-Piece Columns (Pettway), 162
Barth, John, 75
Barthes, Roland, 48, 59n.14, 144, 177n.7
Bateson, Gregory, 229n.12
Baudelaire, Charles, xv
Beardsley, John, 180n.45
Beaudry, David, 21
beauty: approaches to the problem of, 143; of database, conception of, 150-51
Becher, Bernd and Hilla, 51
Becker, David, 106
Beckett, Samuel, 166
behavior-based AI, 195
behaviorism, artificial intelligence and, 188-89
Benford, Robert, 230n.12
Berge, Claude, 122, 139n.2
Berger, Theodore, 258
Berlin Wall, collapse of, xiii-xiv
Berners-Lee, Tim, 40
Bertillon, Alphonse, 116
biology: networking the biological, 253, 255-59; as new material and medium for traditional type of art practice, 157-59
biotechnologies, 253; See also digital implants
BitStreams (exhibition), 260, 264
Blair, David, 45
Blake, William, 32
Bleeding Through (Klein), xv-xvi, 89, 90, 91, 93
Blood Sugar (audio archive), 171, 172-74
Blume, Eugene, 37n.27
Bluthenthal, Ricky, 173, 181n.67
Bo, Feng Meng, 265
Bodies INCorporated (Vesna), 11, 13-18, 19-20, 36n.17; architecture, 14-16; body construction in, 13-14; deletion of bodies from, 14-16; exhibition in physical spaces, 16-18; logo, 13, 15
“Body and the Archive, The” (Sekula), 115
body construction, 13-14
body databases, 5-7
Body Missing (Frankel), xii-xiii, xxn.9
Boites-en-Valise (Duchamp), xii
Bond, A. H., 208n.55
Bonk, Ecke, 121, 139n.3
book, principles and logic of database applied to, 101-2
Bookchin, Natalie, 106
Bordwell, David, 58n.4
Borges, Jorge Luis, 27, 28, 44, 59n.8
Bourdon, David, xixn.7
Bourgeois, Louise, 108
Bowers, Harry, 36n.9
Bowker, Geoffrey C., 139n.1
brain implants, 258
Brecht, Bertolt, 93, 202
Broodthaers, Marcel, xii
Brook, Andrew, 206n.22
Brooks, Rodney, 207n.41, 208n.55
Brooks, Sawad, 117
browsers, Web, 99, 254
Buchloh, Benjamin, 209n.73
Building a Community of People with No Time (notime), 22, 23
Burgin, Victor, 8
Burroughs, William, 132, 140n.13
Burrows, Adrienne, 85n.21
Bush, Vannevar, 28, 30
Bush administration, 114
business, expert systems funded by, 193
butterflies, eyespot patterns in wings of, 156, 157-59
butterfly technology, 157
Byatt, A. S., 75
C5 (artist group), 116-17, 120
Cage, John, 26, 37n.20
camera, impact on development of painting, 216-19
camera obscuras, 216
Camillo, Giulio, xvii, 29
Canon Media Technology Laboratory, 271
Carbonell, Jaime, 208n.50
Carmack, John, 214-15
Carnivore (Radical Software Group), 97
carpal-tunnel syndrome, 259
Carroll, J.D., 208n.50
Carroll, Lewis, 131, 141n.24
Cartasia software, 270, 271
carte-de-visite photography, 216
Casa das Rosas (Sao Paulo), 255, 256
Casa Segura, 171, 173, 175, 176, 181n.65, 181n.68
Castle Wolfenstein (computer game), 214-15
catacombs, Paris, 151, 152-53
cataloguing systems, library, 29
Catalog (Whitney), 53
categorization, 26
categorization systems, 29-30
Cattelan, Maurizio, 112
Caygill, Howard, 206n.23
CD-ROMs, 40-41: Databank of the Everyday, 106; Legrady’s interactive CD-ROM/installation Slippery Traces, 104-6
cellular automata, 147-48, 149; as computer scientist’s counterpart to physicist’s concept of “field,” 147; as emergent systems, 147-48
Cellular Automata Machines: a New Environment for Modeling (Toffoli and Margolus), 147
censorship, 114
Central California Women’s Facility (CCWF), 171
Cervantes, Miguel de, 52
Chakrasamvara (Tibetan sand mandala), 33-35
Chakra system, 20
chance methods, relevance of, 132
Change Engine in Polar, 269, 271
Chapman, David, 207n.41
Chronofiles (Fuller), 23-26, 32, 37n.20
Cimons, Marlene, 35n.2
cinema: computer filmmaking, pioneer of, 53; database cinema, 54-58; editing phase, 56-57, 69, 71, 73-75, 81; film using database as symbolic form, 69-70; interactive, 65; intersection between database and narrative in, xv, 54; linear structure, 64-65; Machinima films, 227-28; motivation in, 58n.4; production and postproduction in, 69, 71; sequential narrative of, 50; storage media supporting narrative imagination in, 51
cinema verite school (direct cinema), 74
classification, social, 168-70
client/server databases, 96
client-server relationship of data, 97-98
Clifford, James, 159, 180n.40, 180n.50
closed system, 145
Cocconi, Giuseppe, 31
Codd, E. F., 96
cognitive science, 189, 191, 197; See also artificial intelligence (AI)
Cohen, Janet, xvi, 112
Colby, Kenneth Mark, 197, 208n.52
Cold War, AI research after end of, 193-94
collaboration, quilts of Gee’s Bend as result of, 160-63
collaborative systems, 148-50: development of collaborative tools and community networks, 168-73; as dialogic spaces, 150; rule-base of, 149; Venice as physical and historical, 154
collections, 180n.34; as narrative of mastery, 156-59; Nature Demiurge, 155-56
color as abstract narrative, Greenaway’s use of, 56
combinatorics, 122
Comella, Rosemary, 93n.1
Common Gateway Interface (CGI), 36n.13
common sense: accumulation and transformation of, 186; aesthetic, 192, 193, 196; artificial intelligence and, 192-93; culturally dependent vs. culturally independent, 185-86; defining, 184-85; Kant and, 191-92; logical, 192, 193; moral, 192, 193; as a negotiated process, 196; user-friendly, commonsensical interface design, 183-87
community networks, development of, 168-73
composite data profile, 116
computational linguistics, 195
computational phenomenologists, 194, 195, 196, 197, 200
computer: body as extension of, 115; metaphors surrounding, 71-75; as perfect medium for database form, 52-53; as universal media machine, 43-44
computer age: database as center of creative process in, 45; database as new symbolic form of. See symbolic form, database as
computer filmmaking, 53
computer games and gaming, xvi, 43, 101; attention, time, and resources expended in relation to, 211-13; audience for, 211; connection to the military, 211-13; as narratives, 41-42; See also game engines as embedded systems
computerization: of culture, 43; of society, 111
computer language, 121
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (Turing), 198
concrete: concretized bodies of Virtual Concrete, 9; Northridge Earthquake as inspiration for Virtual Concrete, 8
Condon, Brody, 265
configuration, 122; observation of, 123
connectionism, 195
Connolly, John, 79, 83
consciousness, critical, 228-29
constructed context, 139
constructionism, social, 179n.29
context: constructed, 139; development of, xiii; meaning and, 132-33
continuous differentiation, Nature Demiurge as database of, 155-56
convergence: cultural, 234; technological, 233-34
conversations, very large-scale (VLSC), 184, 186, 201, 203
Cook, Sarah, 119
Corbett, Carolyn, 81
Cosmic Web, The (Hayles), 135-36
Counter-Strike (computer game), 226-27, 265
Coyne, Richard, 207n.48
Cranston, Meg, 25, 37n.26
creativity: cut-and-paste as heart of, 74; editing as exercise of, 75
Crick, Francis, 4
Crime Archives, The (Web site), 16
criminal surveillance system, role of photographic archives in normalization of, 115-16
Critical Art Ensemble, 5, 35n.3, 140n.13
critical consciousness, developing, 228-29
Critiques (Kant), 190
Croteau, David, 230n.12
cultural continuity, quilts of Gee’s Bend as, 161
cultural convergence, 234
cultural democracy: building social and technological infrastructures for, 175-76; doing, 165-66; practical ethics as central to, 173-74
culturally-dependent/culturally-independent division of common sense, 185-86
culture: artificial intelligence and cultural difference, 197-98; art reflecting our cultural obsessions, 249, 252; computerization of, 43; cross-cultural success of computer games, 222; cultural toolkit as database of game player, 220-21, 222; database as meta-narrative and cultural form, 98-108
currency volatility, ecosystm to represent global, 260-68
CU-SeeME, 9, 36n.12, 254
customization of games, 226-28
cut-and-paste metaphor, 72-75: skills transferable from one medium to another and, 74-75
Cutler, Randy Lee, 234, 242n.4
cutting in film editing, 73-75
cut-up, recipe method, relevance of, 131-33
“Cyberfeminism” (Paterson), 233
cybernetics: artificial intelligence (AI) and, 189; behaviorism vs., 189
cyber-polysemic space, 138-39
CYC, 194
Dada manifeste sur l’amour faible et l’amour amer (Tzara), 131
d’Alembert, Jean le Rond, 29, 207n.35
Daniel, Sharon, xvii, 181n.64
Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (Picasso), 218
Dartmouth College conference on AI (1956), 187
data: as absence, 89-93; conversion into novel, 92-93; ideal system for “layering” techniques, 92-93; patterns mined from, 142; as something given, 142-43, 148; sorting and filtering and, 70-73
Databank of the Everyday, The (Bookchin), 106
database(s), 65-68: anatomy of, 115-17; awareness of ourselves as, xiii; basic criteria of, 66; body, 5-7; from the “bottom up,” 33; conception of “beauty” of, 150-51; defined, 39; in game engine’s rendering of game world, 219-20; of game player, 220-21; human being added to (via Time Capsule), 256; identity, 26-27; of knowledge, libraries as, 27-31; as language of computer age, xiv; larger meaning contained in, 68; as meta-narrative and cultural form, 98-108; narrative and, xv-xvi, 44-47, 67-68, 100-101; nested subfields of, 151; network, 96; redistribution of weight in database narrative opposition by new media, 48-51; as region of alternative story constructs, 69-70, 71; of the self, x; semiotics of, 47-51; sorting and filtering data for, 70-73; spatialized, 55; structure of, 150-51; as system, 95-98; time and, 21-22; types of, 39, 96
database aesthetics, 150-51: aesthetics of dominance and, 158; combining social aesthetics with, 168-73; conditions of possibility of, 151, 159; “found” systems as external evidence of and extended context for, 151-56; as important cultural narrative, 108; as new form for dialectical aesthetics, 202-3
database archive, Pockets Full of Memories as, 243-48
database art, practice of, xi-xix
database cinema, 54-58: See also cinema
database complex, 51-53
database imaginary, 110-20: anatomy of the database, 115-17; artist as reliable archivist, 118-19; dark side of, 114; data stories, 117-18; reversal of the panopticon, 113-14
database logic, 39-41: imposed onto traditional forms of narrative, 106
data bodies, 114-15
data indexing, 44
Datamining Bodies (Vesna), 18-21, 22
data models, 96-97
data-packet flow in processes of Polar, experience of, 275-76
data stories, 117-18
data storytelling, era of, 86-94
data structure: algorithm and, 41-44, 45; examples of, 43
Davis, Angela, 181n.61
Davis, Joe, 5, 35n.3
DCS1000 software, 97
death: in relation to technology, 16; writing as an effort to elude, 166-67
Deep Storage (exhibition), xixn.3
de Jong, Gerald, 19
de Kooning, Willem, 162
De Landa, Manuel, 112, 204, 210n.77
Deleuze, Gilles, xviii, 127, 128-29, 140n.17, 141n.29, 190, 196, 203-4, 206n.19, 209n.66, 210n.75, 210n.78
demiurge, 155; Nature Demiurge, 155-56
democracy, cultural. See cultural democracy
Descartes, Rene, 74, 190
design process, new media, 49
desktop, the, 71-73
determinant judgment, 192
dialectical aesthetics, database aesthetics as new form for, 202-3
dialectics, theories of, 202
dialogism, 146; Bahktin’s theory of, 150, 179n.29; evolution and displacement as fundamental to, 150
Diamond, Hugh, 62, 63, 78, 79-83
Diderot, Denis, 29, 51, 207n.35
Dietrich, Frank, 59n.20
Dietz, Steve, xvi-xvii, 252n.2
digital implants, 253; digital memory inside human body, 255-57; future of, 257-59; Time Capsule, xvii, xviii, 27, 114-15, 253, 255-57, 259
digital technology, impact on libraries and knowledge dissemination, 29-30
digitizing craze, 43-44
dignity, aesthetics of, 164-73: activist, 168-74, 177; combining database aesthetics with social aesthetics, 168-73; paradigm shift from aesthetics of object to, 167-68; social aesthetics and, 159-64
digression as form of Baroque storytelling, 91-92
DiNA (Hershman-Leeson), 249, 252
direct cinema (cinema verite school), 74
discourse architecture, xvii-xviii
Disderi, Andre Adolphe, 216
Disney, 27
Disseminet (Stryker and Brooks), 117-18
distributed AI, 195
Djokic, Danijela, 248n.1
DNA: discovery of structure of, 4; as example of database aesthetics, 4
DNA fingerprint, 4-5
DNA sequence, completion of human, 3-4
documentary and fiction, disappearing distinction between, 75-83, 84
Documenta XI, 108
Do-It-Yourself technology, 169
dominance, ethics of, 156-59
Doom and Doom III (computer games), 214, 226
Dortmund, Germany, Datamining Bodies project for, 18-21
Dove, Lisa, 78
Draughtsman’s Contract (film), 55
Dreifus, Claudia, 205n.3
Dreyfus, Hubert L., 196, 207n.33, 207n.44-45
Duchamp, Marcel, xii, xixn.5, 27, 132, 179n.31
Dymaxion Index (Fuller), 24, 37n.20
dynamic systems, 145
economics of production, lack of structural experimentation in game engines and, 224-25
ecosystm (Klima), aesthetics of, xix, 99, 100, 260-68: catalogue entry for, 261; confusion around title, 260-61; dimensions of, 261-62; geometric construction of, 266-67; inner workings of, 262-63; medium of, 261; weather conditions added to, 267-68
Edelman, G. M., 141n.35
Edison, Thomas, 251
editing, film, 56-57, 69; changes in tools and, 71; cutting in, 73-75; digital editing software, 73
Edwards, Paul, 209n.68
effects: in Vertov’s film, 58; in Whitney’s films, 53
effects-driven aesthetics of computerized visual culture, 53
ego.com, 157
Eighth Day (Kac), 5
Eigler, Don, 7
Eisenstein, Sergei, 140n.13, 202, 209n.70
Elashoff, David, 106, 107
Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), 216, 223
Ellis, Jim, 237
embedded systems, game engines as. See game engines as embedded systems
emergence, 245
emergent dialogism, 146
emergent systems, 147-48: rule-based, 149
Enclued software, 270, 271
encryption software, 8
Encyclopediaists, 207n.35; neo-Encyclopediaists, 194-95, 196
encyclopedias, 51-52, 58n.3
energy centers, Eastern representations of, 20
Engberg, Andreas, 248n.1
enhanced realism, 216
Erlich, Victor, 209n.71
ethics: aesthetics and, 142-43; of dominance, 156-59; political subtext of digital design and, 176; practical, 173-75
eugenics, 115, 116
Every Shot Every Episode (McCoy and McCoy), 102-3
Evolutionary Architecture, An (Frazer), 135
Ewers, Hanns Heinz, 209n.60
exhibition of Bodies INCorporated in physical space, 16-18
existential phenomenology, 196
Expanded Cinema (Youngblood), 53
expert systems, 193
Exquisite Mechanism of Shivers, The, 133
extraterrestrial signals, search for, 31
eyespot patterns in wings of butterflies, 156, 157-59
Fagin, Ronald, 208n.55
faktura, 202, 209n.73
Falls, The (film), 55
Fatwah on Salman Rushdie, 64
fear(s): of new technologies, sources of artists’, xiii; surrounding artificial intelligence, 199; of uncanny aesthetics, 199-201
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 4-5
feedback, AI’s neglect of analysis of, 189
Feigenbaum, Edward A., 207n.32
Feinberg, Jonathan, 106, 107
felt meaning, 132
Fernezelyi, Marton, 248n.1
Feynman, Richard P., 38n.33
fiction and nonfiction, challenges to split between, 75-83, 84
field(s): defined, 145; of meaning, 133, 134-36; uncertainty, 145-46
Fielding, Henry, 91, 92, 94n.6
Fields, Kenneth, 36n.11, 36n.14
Figuratively Speaking (exhibition), 36
File Room, The (Muntadas), xii, xvi-xvii, 113-14, 117
film editing, 56-57, 69; changes in tools and, 81; cutting in, 73-75; digital editing software, 73
filmmaking, computer, 53; Machinima films, 227-28; See also cinema
filtering data, 70-73
“first-person shooter” game genre, 214-15, 224
Fisher, Scott, 45
flight, lines of, 128, 129-30
Flores, Fernando, 206n.11, 208, 208n.55
Fluidiom Project, 19
folksonomic (folk + Taxonomy) classification, 168-70
Ford, Kenneth, 209n.63
“formula” or “recipe” method, relevance of, 131-33
Foster, Hal, 110, 120n.2
Foucault, Michel, xvii, 143-44, 148, 149, 166, 177, 177n.4, 181n.56, 203
found objects, 179n.31
found systems, 151-56: master narratives implicit in origin of, 159; Nature Demiurge as, 155-56, 180n.34; Paris catacombs as, 151, 152-53; Sainte-Chapelle as, 151, 153-54, 179n.32; Venice as, 154-55
Fowler, Roger, 186, 205n.4
Fox, Les, 36n.9
Fraden, Rena, 181n.61
frame problem in AI, 189, 192
frames of reference, 221; game engines and, 221-23
Frames (Weinbren), 78, 79-83
frame tale, 166
Frame Theory, 221
Frampton, Hollis, 69-70, 75-76, 84n.13, 85n.16
Frank, Keith, xvi, 112
Frankel, Vera, xii-xiii, xxn.9
Franklin, Rosalind, 4
Frazer, John, 135, 141n.33
Freedom Quilting Bee, 160
Freehand system, 258
Freitas, Nathan, 36n.14
Freud, Sigmund, 199, 208n.54, 209n.61
Frye, Northrop, 238
Fuller, Allegra, 23
Fuller, Matthew, xvi, 99
Fuller, R. Buckminster, 19, 23-26, 37n.20, 37n.21, 37n.25
game AI, 216
Game Developers Conference (GDC), 215
game engines as embedded systems, xviii, 211-30: critical consciousness, developing, 228-29; cross-cultural success of particular game and, 222; database interfaces, 219-21; engines of creation, 214-15; explaining game engines, 214; frames of reference and, 221-23; functional and aesthetic resemblance between titles using 3D engines, 223-25; game modding and, 226-28; Machinima productions, 227-28; next frontier for game engines, 215; rendering and Holy Grail of realism, 215-19; starting points, 211-13; See also computer games and gaming
GameSpy, 214
Gamson, William A., 230n.12
Garcia Marquez, Gabriel, xv, 89, 93n.4
Gardner, Howard, 206n.7
Gardner, Martin, 140n.9
Gasser, Les, 207n.42, 208n.55
Gaugusch, Andrea, 140n.15
Gautier, Theophile, 89, 93n.3
Gee’s Bend, Alabama, quilts of, 160-63, 164
Gee’s Bend: The Women and Their Quilts (Marzio), 161-62
Gehry, Frank, 28
gender difference, Turing’s “imitation game” of, 198-99
Gendlin, E. T., 132, 141n.26
Genentech, 5
General Problem Solver (GPS), 189
generic convention, lack of structural experimentation in game engines and, 224
genetic engineering, 253
genome, mapping of, 3-4
Genova, Judith, 209n.58
GenTerra (Critical Art Ensemble), 5
George, Rachel Carey, 163
Gimzewski, James, 32, 33, 38n.33
Goffman, Erving, 230n.12
Goldstein, Ira P., 207n.31
Golem, 250-51
Goodyear, A. Conger, 119
Graetz, J. M., 229n.2
Gralla, E. B., 38n.33
Gramsci, Antonio, 186, 205n.5
graphic design of Pockets Full of Memories, 246-47
Great Depression, 26
Greeks, database and narrative forms used by ancient, 51
Greenaway, Peter, 54-56, 59n.22, 59n.23
Green Box, The (Duchamp), xii, xixn.5
Greenspun, Philip, 229n.9
Grosz, Barbara, 208n.55
Grosz, Elizabeth A., 208n.54
Grothmaak, Martin, 248n.1
Guatemala, “The Disappeared” in, 117
Guattari, Felix, 127, 128-29, 140n.17, 141n.29, 203-4, 209n.66, 210n.75
Guermantes Way, The (Proust), 89
Guggenheim Bilbao, movement through, 28
Guha, R., 207n.36
Guthrie, Louise M, 207n.38
Gysin, Brion, 140n.13
habitualization, purpose of art to work against, 200
Hadler, Simon, 180n.36
Half-Life (computer game), 226-27
Hall, Harrison, 207, 207n.33, 207n.45
Hall, Stuart, 206n.6
Halpern, J. Y., 208n.55
Hamilton, Richard, 121, 139n.3
Hansen, Mark, x, xixn.1, 141n.30
harm reduction, 173, 175
Haroun and the Sea of Stories (Rushdie), xv, 61-64
Harris, Roy, 137
Harwood, Graham, 45, 59n.10
Hauben, Michael, 242n.8
Hauben, Ronda, 242n.8
Hayes, Patrick, 209n.63
Hayles, N. Katherine, 135-36, 141n.34, 142, 164, 177n.2, 178n.16, 181n.54
Hegel, G.W.F., 202
Heidegger, Martin, xviii, 193, 195, 196, 197, 207n.48
Heims, Steve, 206n.15
Heisenberg, Werner, 145, 178n.12; uncertainty principle, 145, 178n.12, 178n.13
HEPPAC (HIV Education and Prevention Program of Alameda County), 171-73, 181n.65, 182n.68
Hershman-Leeson, Lynn, xviii, 99, 109n.6; Agent Ruby, 249-51, 252; DiNA, 249, 252; Synthia Stock Ticker, 99, 249, 251-52
“hidden variable” hypothesis, 178n.12, 178n.13
hierarchical databases, 39, 96
Higgins, Dick, 140n.7
Hill, Gary, 76-77, 85n.17
hippocampus, microchip reproducing neural activity of, 258
historical models, absence in, 90
Hitler, Adolf, xii-xiii
HIV Education and Prevention Program of Alameda County (HEPPAC), 171-73, 181n.65, 182n.68
Hochberg, Julian, 230n.12
Hodges, Andrew, 208n.57
Hoffmann, E. T A., 209n.60
Hollywood Stock Exchange, 236
Homer, 51, 52, 117
Honkela, Timo, 248n.1, 248n.2
Hooked (Shavelson), 174
Hopeful Monsters (Mosley), 145
Horn, Stacey, 233
How I Learned (McCoy and McCoy), 102-4
Hoynes, William, 230n.12
http (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 254
Hubris Inc., 157
Huhtamo, Erkki, 126
human-computer interface, inversion of, 115
Human Genome Project, 5, 7, 20, 35n.1
Hunter, Sam, 59n.19
Husserl, Edmund, xviii, 195, 196, 197
hyper-narrative, 46
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http), 254
ICT (Institute for Creative Technologies), 213
IDE (Integrated Development Environment), 261
identity: Internet-bred construction of, 249-51; online, 11
identity databases, 26-27
ideology, 221
ID software, 226
Iliad (Homer), 117
Ilpo, Koskinen, 248n.2
image, visual languages supported by composite organization of, 47-48
image database, interface to, 45
imaginary, database. See database imaginary
imitation game, Turing’s, 198-99: woman’s role in, 199
immersive training simulation, 213
Impermanence Agent, The (Waldrop-Fruin), 118
informatics: as infrastructure, 164-65; materiality of, 142, 144, 148, 165-66, 174, 176
information: abstraction of, 18-19; aesthetics and, 27-28; humans perceived as, 7
“information architects,” artists as, xiii-xiv, 28
information overflow, dealing with, ix-x, 22
information overload, xiii, 28-29
infrastructures for cultural democracy, 175-76
in-game photo realism, 216
Ingber, Donald, 19, 36n.18
injection drug users, giving voice to, 171-76
insects of Nature Demiurge exhibit, 155-56
Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT), 213
Integrated Development Environment (IDE), 261
Integrational Linguistics, 137, 138
“intelligent agents” approach to interface design, 183
interactive cinema, 65
interactive interfaces, 49-50
interactive narrative, 46
interactivity: expressive potential to, 68-69, 70; viewer as user and, 70
interface(s): creating work in new media as construction of, 45-46; game engine as database interface, 219-21; “intelligent agents” approach to design of, 183; interactive, 49-50; physical trauma created by standardization of, 259; of Pockets Full of Memories, 246-47; Polar as tactile matrix, 269-77; user-friendly, commonsensical design, 183-87
Interface Culture (Johnson), 110-11
Internet: accessibility of Pockets Full of Memories on, 246; art projects questioning conventions of browsers, 99; as effective cultural force, 253-55; shift to entertainment and commercial applications, 238; user-friendly, commonsensical interface design, 183-87; as “the Web,” 254
Internet-bred construction of identity, 249-51
interstellar communications, 31
intersubjective communication, mapping as, 170
Ippolito, Jon, xvi, 112
I & Society, ix
Ivekovic, Sanja, 108
Jacobus, John, 59n.19
Jameson, Fredric, 48, 59n.13, 154, 179n.33, 209n.71, 209n.72
Jeong, Allan, 178n.29
Jeremijenko, Natalie, 5, 35n.3
Jevbratt, Lisa, 116
Johnson, Mark, 71, 84n.14
Johnson, Steven, 110-11, 120n.3
Johnston, Hank, 230n.13
Jones, Rhodessa, 167, 177
Joyce, James, 89, 92
Joyce, Michael, 140n.10
joystick, 212
“Junk DNA,” 4
Justice Now, 171
Kac, Eduardo, xvii, xviii, 5, 120n.13; Time Capsule, xvii, xviii, 27, 114-15, 253, 255-57, 255-59, 259
Kahn, Douglas, 132, 140n.13
Kahn, Paul, 140n.10
Kant, Immanuel, xviii, 190-92, 196, 197, 202, 206n.21; artificial intelligence as Kantian endeavor, 190-91; common sense and, 191-92; on three cognitive faculties, 191-92
Kasprzyk, Alexander Mieczyslaw, 147
Katha Sarat Sagara, 65
Katha Sarat Sagara, 84n.2
Kaufman, Mikhail, 56, 59n.25
Kawara, On, 108
Kee, Steve, 239
Kelso, J. A. Scott, 141n.35
Kent, Steven L., 214, 215, 229n.5
Kerchache, Anne, 151, 155
Kerchache, Jacques, 151, 155, 180n.34
Kiendl, Anthony, 119
kino-eye, 58
Kippenberger, Martin, xii
Klein, Norman M., xv-xvi, 93n.1
Klima, John, xviii-xix, 109n.6; aesthetics of ecosystm, xix, 99, 100, 260-68
Knode, Marilu, 36n.7
knowledge: computing metaphors and, 72; digital reorganization of, 28; libraries as databases of, 27-31
Kohonen Self-Organizing Map, 104, 245-46
Korzybski, Alfred, 234, 242n.5
Koskenniemi, Timo, 248n.1
Kramer, Jane, 165
Kratky, Andreas, 93n.1
Krauss, Rosalind, 52, 59n.18
Kristeva, Julia, 199, 209n.61
Kroker, Arthur, 140n.13
Kubrick, Stanley, 104
“Kuleshov effect,” 59n.26
Landow, George, 178n.17
language games, problems of philosophy as, 208n.57
Language of New Media (Manovich), xiv-xv
LAPD (Los Angeles Poverty Department), 168
Laurel, Brenda, 183, 233
Lawler, Louise, xii
Leandre, Joan, 265
legal issues attached to navigation through information space, 13
Legible City (Shaw), 45
Legrady, George, xviii, 104-6: Pockets Fill of Memories, xviii, 104, 105, 243-48
Leippe, Michael R., 230n.12
Lem, Stanislaw, xix, xxn.11, 269
Lenat, Douglas, 207n.36
Levin, Golan, 106-8
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 180n.34
Levy, Steven, 178n.15
Lewitt, Sol, 52-53
lexicography, 195
Lialina, Olia, 118, 120n.19
libraries, as databases of knowledge, 27-31
Library, The (Paterson), 241
Library of Alexandria, 29
Library of Babel (Borges), 28
life-sharing project, 98
Limbo 3D space in Bodies INCorporated, 13, 14
LimeWire, 254
linear narrative, 46, 64-65
linear thinking, tyranny of, xv
lines of flight, concept of, 128, 129-30
linguistics: computational, 195; integrational, 137, 138; linguistic description of Pockets Full of Memories, 246; potentials of new, 136-37
Lisle, Leconte de, 131
Listening Post (database), xixn.1
Lodder, Christina, 209n.73
logic: of algorithm, 42; database, 39-41, 106
logical common sense, 192, 193
Logic of Sense (Deleuze), 204
Lorensen, William E., 10
Los Angeles Northridge Earthquake in 1994, 8
Los Angeles Poverty Department (LAPD), 168
Louis (Louis IX), Saint, 179n.32
Lyotard, Jean-Francois, 40, 58n.2, 190, 192, 196, 206n.20, 207n.29
McCarthy, John, 192, 194, 207n.30
McClelland, James L., 207n.40
McCorduck, Pamela, 206n.10, 207n.32
McCoy, Jennifer and Kevin, 102-4
McCullaugh, Jim, 59n.5
McGough, Laura, 233, 241n.1
McGowan, Chris, 59n.5
McGroddy, Kelly, 7
machinic assemblage, concept of, 129
Machinima, 227-28
McKinley, Ryan, 114, 120n.12
McLuhan, Marshall, 28, 37n.28
Mademoiselle de Maupin (Gautier), 89
Maes, Pattie, 208n.55
Mallarme, Stephane, 123, 139n.6
Malpede, John, 168
mandala, Tibetan sand, 33-35
Mandell, Arnold J., 141n.35
Manovich, Lev, xiv-xv, xvi, 65-68, 69, 84n.3, 84n.9, 92, 94n.7, 97, 100, 108n.2, 119
Man with a Movie Camera (film), 56, 69; catalog of film techniques contained within, 57-58; hierarchy of levels in, 57
map, absence in, 90
Map of Market (Wattenberg), 99
mapping, 170
Marcus, George, 159, 180n.40
Margolus, Norman, 147, 178n.18
markedness, theory of, 59n.12
Marketplace (Bodies INCorporated), 17-18
Martins, J., 206n.17
Marx, Karl, 202, 209n.69
Marzio, Peter, 161-62, 180n.46
Massively Multiuser Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPG), 224, 225
Massumi, Brian, 134, 141n.32, 204, 210n.76
mastery, narrative of, 156-59
materiality of informatics, 142, 144, 148, 174, 176; doing cultural democracy in context of, 165-66
Matrix of Conversation Maps: A Visualization of Network Aesthetics, A (Sack), 184
Matta-Clark, Gordon, 99
Maturana, Humberto R., 146, 178n.16
May, Gideon, 126, 134
MBone, 254
Meadows, Mark, 37n.30
meaning: context and, 132-33; fields of, 133, 134-36
Medea Project: Theater for Incarcerated Women, 167-68, 181n.58, 182n.71
media, role of, 206n.6; See also new media
Mediamatic Journal, 43-44
medical world, unemotional databasing practice of, 6
medium, senses absent from, 90-91
medium specificity, modernist notion of, 54
Melville, Herman, 102, 103
Memex (Bush), 28
memory: co-presence of lived memories and artificial memories within us, 257; digital memory inside human body, 255-57; memory archives, databases and bodies as, xvii
Memory Theater (Camillo), xvii, xxn.10, 29
Menagerie (Fisher), 45
Menezes, Marta de, 156-59, 180n.36-37
Menil, John and Dominique de, xii
metalanguage, 59n.27
meta-narratives and cultural form, database as, 98-108
metaphorology, 71
metaphors surrounding computing, 71-75
Metaphors We Live by (Lakoff and Johnson), 71
metatext, 57, 60n.27
metaworks, creation of, xiii
Metz, Christian, 51, 59n.17
Michelson, Annette, 57
microchips, implanted, 255-59: liberating effects of, 258; See also Time Capsule (Kac)
Microvenus (Davis), 5
military, connection of computer gaming to, 211-13
Millennium Film Journal, xv
Minc, Alain, 111, 120n.5
minimalism, 52-53
Minsky, Marvin, 184-85, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 207n.30, 208n.53
Mirapaul, Matt, 233, 241n.1
Mitchell, William, 140n.13
MIT Tech Model Railroad Club, 212
MMORPG (Massively Multiuser Online Role-Playing Games), 224, 225
Moby Dick (Melville), TextArc’s reading of, 102, 103
modding, game, 226-28
modernist-MTV montage, 47
Mohr, Manfred, 53
montage, 47
MOOs (Multiuser Object-Oriented Domains), 224
moral common sense, 192, 193
morphing, 77
Morris, Desmond, 233
Morrison, Philip, 31
Moscow WWWArt Centre, 45
Moses, Y., 208n.55
Mosley, Nicholas, 145, 159, 177n.10, 180n.41
motivation in cinema, 58n.4
Motte, Warren F., 139n.4
MUDs (Multi-User Dungeons or Domains), 224
multi-agent systems, 195, 208n.55
multilinearity, 75; examples of, 75-79
multilinear narrative structure, 64
Muntadas, Antonio, xii, xvi-xvii, 113-14, 120n.11
Museum Circle, The (Cage), 26
Museum of Modern Art, 118
museums: categorizing systems of, 29; erosion of boundaries between libraries and, 30; logistics of collection and display, xi-xii; university, 37n.31; virtual, 40
mutability of sensed time, 130-31
nanomandala, 34, 35
Napster, 254
narrative: computer games as, 41-42; criteria of, 46; database and, xv-xvi, 44-47, 67-68, 100-101; desire for new kinds of, 54; discourse architecture and, xviii; highlighting of structural elements in construction of, 101-4; interactive, 46; linear, 46, 64-65; of mastery, 156-59; multilinear structure, 64; persistence of character requirement of, 77; redistribution of weight in database narrative opposition by new media, 48-51; shape imposed on reality by, 84
NASA, 30-31
National DNA Index System, 5
National Library of Medicine (NLM), 5-6
nature: construction of Venice as expression of power over, 155; Nature Demiurge connecting classification and dominance of, 155-56
Nature Demiurge, 155-56, 180n.34
Nature? project, 156-59
navigation, aesthetics of, xi
Necropolis space in Bodies INCorporated, 14-16, 20
needle-exchange programs, 171, 173-75, 181n.68
Need-X-Change (Daniel), 168, 171, 172-73, 176, 181n.65, 182n.68
Negroponte, Nicholas, 205n.2
Nelson, Ted, 28
neo-Encyclopediaists, 194-95, 196
net.art gesture, 113
netomat, 99
network aesthetics, 183-210: focus of, 203; Kant and common sense, 191-92; after the uncanny and commonsensical, 201-4; user-friendly, commonsensical interface design, 183-87; See also artificial intelligence (AI)
network-based artworks, xvi
network databases, 96
networked information spaces, tensegrity system applied to, 19
networking the biological, 253, 255-59
networks, development of community, 168-73
Neumaier, Otto, 208n.57
neural nets, 195
NeuroControl, 258
neuroprosthesis, 258
Newell, Alan, 189, 206n.16
Newman, Barnett, 110
new media: databases underlying new media objects, 47; design process, 49; general principle of, 42; hierarchy of levels in objects, 57; interface separated from content of work in, 45-46; language-like sequencing in, 50-51; redistribution of weight in database narrative opposition by, 48-51; variability of, 45-46
Nicolaes Ruts (Rembrandt), 217
Nideffer, Robert, xvii, xviii, 36n.14
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 40, 88, 143
9/11 stories and images, 68
Noguchi, Isamu, 37n.20
nonlinear system of accessing information, 30
nonlinear thinking, xv
Non-Player Characters (NPCs), 216
Nora, Simon, 111, 120n.5
Northridge Earthquake, communication during, 8
(nostalgia) (film), 75-76, 77
notime (Building a Community of People with No Time), 22, 23
NTT Intercommunications Center, 1999 Biennale of, 79
numbers as narrative shell, Greenaway’s use of, 55-56
Nyce, James M., 140n.10
objective approach to problem of beauty, 143
object-oriented databases, 96
object-oriented programming paradigm, 59n.6
observer and observation: incorporation into system, 146, 148; observation of configurations, 123
Obsessive Becoming (film), 77-79
Ocean of Streams of Story, 61, 65, 66; as database, xv, xix, 66; as virtual space, 68-69
Olander, William, 164, 181n.53
Olivia, Pamela, 230n.13
100 Objects to Represent the World (installation), 55
One Hundred Years of Solitude (Garcia Marquez), xv, 89
One Million Years (Kawara), 108
One Tree (Jeremijenko), 5
Ong, Walter, 117
online identity, 11
Open Government Information Awareness project (McKinley), 114
Open Source community, 30, 38n.32
open source movement, 98
open system, 145
open work, 123
Oracle 8i, 44
oriented databases, 39
“Other Criteria” (Steinberg), 111
Owens, Craig, 164
Palabras- (Daniel), 168-70, 173
Paley, W. Bradford, 101-2, 103
Panofsky, Erwin, 40
panoptic gaze, reversal of, 113-14
paradigm and syntagm, semiological theory of, 48-51, 57
Paris catacombs as found system, 151, 152-53
Paris Peasant (Aragon), 89
participant as subject: asserting place of, 166-67; role of, 167-68
participatory generation of media environments, ongoing, 130
Pascoe, David, 59n.23
passive-active binary categories, 43
patent on gene, 5
Paterson, Nancy, 109n.6, 242n.2, 242n.7; Stock Market Skirt, xviii, 99, 233-42
patterns mined from data, 142
Paul, Christiane, xvi, xviii
Pavic, Milorad, 75
peer-to-peer relationship of data, 97-98
Peljhan, Marko, xix; Polar, xix, 269-77
Pelling, Andrew, 33, 38n.33
Pencil of Nature (Talbot), 51
Pentland, Sandy, 236, 242n.6
Permutations (Whitney), 53
Peterson, Elmer, 141n.23
Pettway, Allie, 161, 180n.48
Pettway, Arlonzia, 161, 180n.47
Pettway, Jennie, 161
Pettway, Jessie T., 162
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) encryption software, 8
phenomenologists, computations, 194, 195, 196, 197, 200
Philosophical Investigations (Wittgenstein), 138
photography: carte-de-visite, 216; ideological circularity of, 80; impact on development of painting, 216-19; as mode of erasure, 89; role of photographic archives in normalization of criminal surveillance system, 115-16; viewer as photographer, 79, 83
photorealist images, 47-48
physical-digital linkage, 133-34
physics, quantum, 145
Piaget, Jean, 230n.12
Picasso, Pablo, 218
Plass, Jan, 36n.11
Plato, 202
Platoni, Kyra, 181n.67
player as integral part of game engine, 219; See also computer games and gaming; game engines as embedded systems
Pockets Full of Memories (PFOM) (Legrady), xviii, 104, 105, 243-48: future exhibitions and next-step developments, 247; ordering data and SOM algorithm, 104, 245-46; semantic meaning and linguistic description, 246; visual identity and graphic and interface design, 246-47
Poe, Edgar Allan, 25, 89
Poeta Fit, non Nascitur (Carroll), 131
Poetics, Recombinant. See Recombinant Poetics
point-and-click technique, 68-70
Polar Engine, 269, 271
Polar (Peljhan), xix, 269-77: experience flow, 273-77; hardware systems, 272-73; personnel, 276; project team, 276-77; software systems, 270-71; space, 270
Pollack, Barbara, 266, 268n.3
Pollock, Jackson, 162
Poly-Sensing Environment and Object-Based Emergent Intention Matrix: Toward an Integrated Physical/Augmented Reality Space, The (Seaman, Verbauwhede, and Hansen), 141n.30
pornographic Web sites, 44
Portrait of Artist as a Young Machine (exhibition), 238
Poster, Mark, ix
Postmodern Condition (Lyotard), 40
poststructuralism, 190
practical ethics, 173-75
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption software, 8
Principles of Combinatorics (Berge), 122
prisoners: Media Project: Theater for Incarcerated Women, 167-68, 181n.58, 182n.71; Public Secrets to give voice to, 171-72, 173
Projektriangle, 246-47, 248n.1
Prospero’s Books (film), 54-55
Proust, Marcel, 89
psychological condition, database complex as, 52-53
Public Secrets (Daniel), 168, 171-72, 173
Pulse 3D Veeper System, 252
Quake (computer game), 215, 226
Quake II Arena, 265
Quake II for You, 265
quantum physics, 145
Quiccheberg, Samuel, 29, 37n.29
quilts of Gee’s Bend, 160-63, 164
R. Buckminster Fuller Archive, 37n.20
Radical Software Group (RSG), xvi, 97
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), 27
Rajchman, John, 204-5, 210n.79
Rank, Otto, 209n.60
realism, rendering and Holy Grail of, 215-19
rearrangement, construction as, 74
“recipe” or “formula” method, relevance of, 131-33
recombinant architecture, 140n.13
“recombinant music” mix, 126
Recombinant Poetics, 121-41: attributes, 124-25; memory theaters and association, 123-24; See also World Generator/The Engine of Desire, The (Seaman and May)
reconstructive concept of cutting in editing, 74
Reeves, Dan, 77-79, 85n.18
reflective judgment, Kant’s theories of, 192, 196
Rehearsal of Memory (Harwood), 45
relational databases, 96; as organizational model, 108
Rembrandt Van Rijn, 217
rendering, game engines and realism of, 215-19
rendering pass, 215
Resnick, Mitchel, 178n.15
resonant meaning, 128
reversal of panoptic gaze, 113-14
Reynolds, Craig, 263, 268n.2
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), 27
rhizomes, 128-29, 203, 204
Rich, Ruby B., 252n.1
Rickels, Laurence, 20, 21, 37n.19
Rinder, Larry, 260
Road to Victory (Wilson), 118-19
Roberts, R. Bruce, 207n.31
Robertson, Bruce, 37n.30
Roosevelt, Franklin, 26
Rubin, Ben, xixn.1
rules as language or narrative of computer game, 221
Rumelhart, David E., 207n.40
Rushdie, Salman, xv, 61-64, 66, 68, 69, 70, 75, 84n.1
Russian Constructivists, 202
Sack, Warren, xvii, xvii-xviii, 206n.21, 209n.58, 209n.67
Sainte-Chapelle, stained-glass windows of, 151, 153-54, 179n.32
Sakari, Karvonen, 248n.2
Saltz, Jerry, 267, 268n.5
Samaras, Connie, 16
Sander, August, 51
sand mandala, Tibetan, 33-35
San Francisco Art Institute, 17
Santa Barbara Museum, 16
Sasson, Theodore, 230n.12
Satanic Verses (Rushdie), 64
satellites, data gathered by, 30-31
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 48
Schaffner, Ingrid, xixn.3, xixn.6
Schank, Roger C., 207n.34
schizophrenia, 179n.33; Venice as manifestation in experience of condition of, 154-55
Schleiner, Anne-Marie, 265
Schneiderman, Ben, 205n.1
Schumacher, Iwan, 85n.21
Science and Sanity (Korzybski), 234
Seaman, Bill, xvii, 140n.12, 140n.15, 178n.24
search engines, code of, xi
Searching for My Mother (Ivekovic), 108
Searle, John, 196
Secret Life of Numbers, The (Levin), 106-8
Sehati, S., 38n.33
Sekula, Alan, 115, 120n.15
self, the: databasing, x; technology of, 203
self-organization, 203, 204
Self-Organizing Map (SOM) algorithm, 104, 245-46
self-representation, collaborative systems enabling, 168-73
Seltzer, Sue Willie, 180n.45
semantic interpretation of Pockets Full of Memories, 246
semiotics of database, 47-51
server access, 97-98
SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), 31
set theory, 126-27
Shapiro, Stuart C., 206n.8
Shavelson, Lonny, 174, 182n.69
Shaw, Jeffrey C., 45, 189, 206n.16
Shklovsky, Viktor, 200, 202, 209n.64
Shlesinger, Michael F, 141n.35
Shoah Foundation, 43
Showplace (Bodies INCorporated), 17
Sidner, Candace, 208n.55
SIGGRAPH, 216
Silicon Graphics Reality Monster, 130
Silverman, Brian, 178n.15
Simon, Herbert A., 189, 206n.16, 206n.18
Simpson, Jake, 214, 226, 229n.6
simulation, immersive training, 213; See also game engines as embedded systems
situated action, 195
Skinner, B. F., 206n.12
Slator, Brian M., 207n.38
Slippery Traces (Legrady), 104-6
Smith, Linda B., 141n.35
smooth space, 127
Snelson, Kenneth, 19
Snow, David, 230n.12
Soba, Stephen, 268n.1
social aesthetics, 159-64: combining database aesthetics with, 168-73; as “style-less,” 163-64
social classification, 168-70
social constructionism, 179n.29
Social Security numbering system, 26
social systems, 149; of identification, 26-27
Social Technologies Group (STG) at UC Berkeley, xvii-xviii
SoftSub (C5), 116-17
software, open-source vs. proprietary, 38n.32
software art, 261-68
software “plug-ins,” 53
Sol, Selena, 95, 108n.1
Solaris (Lem/Tarkovsky), xix, xxn.11, 269
something given, data as, 142-43, 148
SOM (Self-Organizing Map) algorithm, 104, 245-46
Sonderauftrag (Special Assignment) Linz, xiii
sorting data, 70-73
space: cyber-polysemic, 138-39; dialogic, collaborative systems as, 150; smooth, 127; striated, 127
space junk, 31
Spacewar (computer game), 211-12
Spaeth, Juergen, 248n.1
spatialized database, 55
Spencer, Henry, 237-38
Speusippus, 51
Spielberg, Steven, 43
Spielberg Holocaust Oral History Project, 68
Spitzer, Victor M., 35n.5
Stafford, Barbara Maria, 35n.4, 71, 84n.14
stained-glass windows of Sainte-Chapelle, 151, 153-54, 179n.32
Stairs-Munich-Projection, The (installation), 55
Stalbaum, Brett, 120n.7
Staphylococcus aureus, 5
Star, Susan Leigh, 139n.1
Steinberg, Leo, 111, 120n.6
Steinheider, Brigitte, 247, 248n.1
Sterne, Laurence, 89
Stillman Projects (Jevbratt), 116
Stimpson, Catherine R., 165, 181n.55
stock market: ecosystm to represent global fluctuations in, xix, 99, 100, 260-68; Synthia Stock Ticker as personification of, 99, 249, 251-52
Stock Market Skirt (Paterson), xviii, 99, 233-42: conception and development of, 238-41; as cyberfeminist work, 233; description of, 235-36; as tele-robotic project, 234-35
Stonewall, 230n.15
storage media, database form intrinsic to, 51
stories, data, 117-18
striated space, 127
Strips (Young), 164
Stryker, Beth, 117
subject function, 149
subjective approach to problem of beauty, 143
subjectivity: system-dependent and systemic in autopoetic systems, 146; universal, Kant’s theories of, 197
sublime state, 192
Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, 68
Svilova, Elizaveta, 56
Sweeney, Tim, 230n.15
Swidler, Ann, 220, 229n.10
Swift, Graham, 75
Swift, Jonathan, 52
symbolic AI, 194-95, 196, 197, 200
symbolic form, database as, xvi, 39-60: data and algorithm, 41-44, 45; database and narrative, xv-xvi, 44-47, 67-68, 100-101; database cinema, 54-58; database complex and, 51-53; database logic and, 39-41; semiotics of database, 47-51
Synergistics, 19
syntagm and paradigm, semiological theory of, 48-51, 57
Synthia Stock Ticker (Hershman-Leeson), 99, 249, 251-52
system(s), 145; autopoetic, 146-48; cellular automata, 147-48, 149; closed, 145; database as, 95-98; defined, 145; dynamic, 145; emergent, 147-48, 149; open, 145; social, 26-27, 149; See also collaborative systems
Szegedy-Maszak, Zoltan, 248n.1
tactile matrix interface, Polar as, 269-77
Talbot, William Henry Fox, 51
Tarkovsky, Andrei, xix, xxn.11, 269
technological convergence, 233-34
technology: embodying, 259; of self, 203; sources of artists’ fear of new, xiii
“Technology (does not equal) Art” (Paterson), 236
teleology: artificial intelligence as Kantian endeavor and, 190-91; neo-Encyclopediaist work turning away from, 195
telepresence, 253
tele-robotic projects, 234-35
Tempest (arcade game), 265-66
tensegrity, 19-20
Terminals (Vesna and Samaras), 16
TextArc (Paley), 101-2, 103, 104
theater, Medea Project, 167-68, 181n.58, 182n.71
Thelen, Esther, 141n.35
Thompson, Ken, 212
Thompson, Kristin, 58n.4
Thousand and One Nights, The, 61-64, 65, 144, 166
Thousand Plateaus, A (Deleuze and Guattari), 127, 128-29, 140n.17, 204
3D game engines, 214; functional and aesthetic resemblance between titles using, 223-25; polygons vs. passes per polygon, 214-15
Three Standard Stoppages (Duchamp), 132
“Throw of Dice Will Never Annul Chance, A” (Mallarme), 123
Tibetan sand mandala, 33-35
time: databases and, 21-22; mutability of sensed, 130-31
Time Capsule (Kac), xvii, xviii, 27, 114-15, 253, 255-57, 255-59, 259
time lines, absence in, 90
Timm, Jennifer, 81
Tobey, Mark, 37n.20
Toffoli, Thomaso, 147, 178n.18
Tom Jones (Fielding), 91
Total Information Awareness project, 114
“Toward a Field Theory for Post-Modern Art” (Ascott), 134
training simulation, immersive, 213
transcendental phenomenology, 196
Tresvita v3.2 software, 147
Truscott, Tom, 237
Turing, Alan, 198-99, 208n.57
Turing Test, 198-99
Turkle, Sherry, 206n.13
201: A Space Algorithm (McCoy and McCoy), 104
2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 104
Tzara, Tristan, 131
uncanny aesthetic, artificial intelligence and, 199-201
uncertainty fields, 145-46
uncertainty principle, Heisenberg’s, 145, 178n.12, 178n.13
unifying functions, 143-45
U.S. Department of Defense, 193, 237; Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 237
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 258
universal subjectivity, Kant’s theories of, 197
university museums, 37n.31
UNIX operating system, 212; Usenet and, 237
Unreal Tournament (computer game), 226
Unreliable Archivist, The (Cohen, Frank, and Ippolito), xvi, 111, 112
“Unwritten Novel, An” (Woolf), 89
Usenet, 236-38
user-friendly, commonsensical interface design, 183-87
User’s Guide to Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Deviations from Deleuze and Guattari, A (Massumi), 134
UTZOO, 237
UUCP, 238
Vardi, M. Y., 208n.55
Varela, Francisco J., 146, 178n.16
variability of new media, principle of, 45-46
Vatican to Vegas, The (Klein), 91
V-Chip, 8
Veered Science, 8, 36n.7
Velvet Strike, 265
Venice as found system, 151, 154-55
Venter, J. Craig, 35n.1
Verbauwhede, Ingrid, 141n.30
Vertov, Dziga, 56-58, 59n.26, 69, 84n.11
very large-scale conversations (VLSC), 184, 186, 201, 203
Vesna, Victoria, 7, 36n.15, 114, 202-3, 209n.74
“Video: The Aesthetics of Narcissism” (Krauss), 52
Video Collection (Andujar), 113
Vidler, Anthony, 201, 209n.61
Viewpoint Datalabs, 13
virtual architecture, 135
Virtual Concrete (Vesna), 8-12: “corporate takeover” by Bodies INCorporated, 14
virtual museums, 40
virtual world generator. See World Generator/The Engine of Desire, The (Seaman and May)
Visible Human Project, 5-6: Datamining Bodies inspired by, 18; representation of male body on Web site, 6
visitors to Polar, experience flow of, 273-74
Visual Human Project, 8, 10, 14
visual identity of Pockets Full of Memories on, 246-47
visualization of data: creating systems for, 33; real-time data streams, 99-100
Visualization Portal at UCLA, 130
visual languages supported by composite organization of image, 47-48
Waldby, Cathy, 6, 36n.6
Waldrop-Fruin, Noah, 118
Walker Center in Minneapolis, New Media Initiatives at, xvi
Wardrip-Fruin, Noah, 120n.20
Warhol, Andy, xii
Warner, Sara, 180n.42, 181n.59, 182n.71
Watson, James, 4
Wattenberg, Martin, 99, 106, 107, 109n.6
WaxWeb (Blair), 45
Web. See World Wide Web
Web browsers, 254
Web pages as collections, 41
Webstalker, 99
Wegener, Paul, 209n.60
Weibel, Peter, 17
Weil, Benjamin, xixn.4
Weinbren, Grahame, xv, xviii, 78, 84n.15, 85n.19
Weinstein, Michael A., 140n.13
Wells, H. G., 28, 30
Wenger, Etienne, 208n.51
“What Is an Author” (Foucault), 143-44
Whitehead, Gregory, 132, 140n.13
Whitlock, David G., 35n.5
Whitney, John Sr., 53, 58
Whorf, Benjamin L., 230n.12
“Who’s Who by Size” (Cranston), 25
Why Do Things Get in Muddle? (Come On Petunia) (videotape), 76
Wiener, Norbert, 206n.12
Wikipedia, 120n.4, 177n.3
Wikipedia/Wikimedia Foundation, 30
Wilkins, Maurice, 4
Wilks, Yorick A., 207n.38
Willats, Stephen, 149, 178n.23
Wilson, Fred, 118-19, 120n.21
Winkler, Fabian, 141n.30
Winograd, Terry, 206n.11, 208n.55
Winzen, Matthias, xixn.3, xixn.6
Wireless Imagination (Kahn and Whitehead), 132
Wisniewski, Maciej, xvi, 99
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 133, 138, 139, 141n.28, 208n.57
Wolf, George, 137
women: Gee’s Bend quilters, 160-63, 164; Media Project: Theater for Incarcerated Women, 167-68, 181n.58, 182n.71; Public Secrets to give voice to incarcerated, 168, 171-72, 173; role in Turing’s imitation game, 199
Woolf, Virginia, xv, 88, 89, 93n.2
Work-Clothes Strips (George), 163
World Brain (Wells), 28
World Game (Fuller), 24
World Generator/The Engine of Desire, The (Seaman and May), xvii, 123, 126-39: exploration of levels and qualities of granularity in, 128; fields of meaning, 134-36; generator paradigm, 130; mutability of sensed time, 130-31; toward a new linguistics, 136-37; physical-digital linkage, 133-34, 138; relevance of the cut-up method, 131-33; resonance in, 128; rhizomatic functioning of, 128-29; set theory and, 126-27; smooth and striated space in, 127; states of media, 129-30
World Resources (Fuller), 24, 25
WorldUp, 261
World Wide Web: antinarrative logic of, 41; as one among many protocols available online, 254; primacy of word over image challenged by, 30; seen as both promise and threat, 8; structural model for, 68; Web browsers, 254; Web pages as collections, 41; as window to collective effort of digitization, 28; See also Internet
Wright, Will, 42
writing, cut-and-paste approach to, 72-73, 74, 75
Writing Culture (Clifford and Marcus), 159
Wynecoop, Shelly, 106, 107
Yates, Francis A., 140n.9
Young, Annie Mae, 164
Youngblood, Gene, 53, 59n.21
Zimmerman, Philip, 8
ZKM in Germany, 130
Zorns Lemma (film), 69-70
Zurich Capital Markets (ZCM), 260, 263-64
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